The paper presents the results of studies on precast concrete elements intended for use in structures designed to protect the population and critical infrastructure. The shielding properties of concretes with different compositions against gamma and neutron radiation, as well as the ballistic resistance of the elements, were evaluated. The results demonstrate that the use of heavyweight aggregates, particularly magnetite, improves gamma-radiation shielding performance and enables a reduction in shield thickness. Concretes containing serpentinite additionally exhibit beneficial neutron-shielding properties. Ballistic tests demonstrated high resistance to perforation and damage to the rear surface, as well as preservation of structural integrity under repeated impact loading. The results confirm the potential of fibre-reinforced precast concrete elements for use in modular protective structures. In addition, the paper reviews the relevant legal acts and summarises the requirements and regulations governing the construction of protective structures.